Category: Tips and Tricks

Upgrade Your Raspberry Pi to Raspbian Buster, Without Losing Data

In-Place Upgrade
First check if all your applications are supported under Raspbian ‘Buster’.

Open a terminal, and type the following:

Update Raspberry firmware :
sudo rpi-update

Change sources files from Stretch to Buster :
grep -rl stretch /etc/apt/ | sudo xargs sed -i ‘s/stretch/buster/g’

This finds all the source definitions for the apt package manager referring to ‘Stretch,’ the previous version of Raspbian, and replaces them with ‘Buster’.

Once finished, update package lists and start upgrade, type:
sudo apt update && sudo apt dist-upgrade

Note that this process can take several hours to complete. During the process check frequently if user interaction is needed. The upgrade process will ask you several times what to do whith existing configuration files.

When it has finished, reboot the Raspberry Pi.

Finally, tidy up the now-unsupported applications which have come through from Raspbian ‘Stretch’ with the following terminal command:
sudo apt purge timidity lxmusic gnome-disk-utility deluge-gtk evince wicd wicd-gtk clipit usermode gucharmap gnome-system-tools pavucontrol
 or just use : sudo apt autoremove -y

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Securing Batch scripts

When using credentials in batch scripts, anyone who has access to the script can access the credentials. Instead you can store the credentials in a seperate file (which only the user executing the batch script can access) and use these in the script. Here’s how to do this …

First create a text file containing the credentials (in this example vault.txt).

Add these lines to your batch script :

for /f “delims=” %%x in (c:\scripts\vault.txt) do set Vault=%%x
net use x: \servername\share /user:username %Vault%

The first line puts the password in the variable and in the second line the variable is added to the command.

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Auto update Pi-hole lists

One way of updating the lists on a Pi-hole system is to edit the /etc/cron.d/pihole file.

However there is another way. You can use the php script “/home/pi/listupdate.py” below

#!/usr/bin/env python

# run this directly on the pihole in cron:

# 00 07 * * * /usr/bin/python3 /home/pi/listupdate.py



import json

import urllib

import csv

from time import strftime

from urllib.request import urlopen

from subprocess import call


# set date

tdate = strftime("%d.%m.%Y")

# dns requests and blocked domains

ddata = urlopen('http://127.0.0.1/admin/api.php').read()

dbody = ddata.decode('utf-8')

ddata = json.loads(dbody)

queries = ddata['dns_queries_today']

blocked = ddata['ads_blocked_today']



# before update

bdata = urlopen('http://127.0.0.1/admin/api.php').read()

bbody = bdata.decode('utf-8')

bdata = json.loads(bbody)

before = bdata['domains_being_blocked']



# listupdate

call(["/usr/local/bin/pihole", "-g"])



# after update

adata = urlopen('http://127.0.0.1/admin/api.php').read()

abody = adata.decode('utf-8')

adata = json.loads(abody)

after = adata['domains_being_blocked']

domains_change = after - before



# append csv

outrow = [tdate,queries,blocked,before,after,domains_change]

with open(r'/home/pi/domainchange.csv', 'a') as f:

    writer = csv.writer(f)

    writer.writerow(outrow)

Don´t forget to add the script to the crontab (crontab -e).

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Pi-hole update errors

When trying to update your pi-hole installation with :

curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash

Following error occurs : “Could not update local repository”. To resolve this, execute following commands :

cd /etc/.pihole
sudo git fetch --tags
sudo git reset --hard

and / or (depending when the error occurs)

cd /var/www/html/admin
sudo git fetch --tags
sudo git reset --hard

After that start update again

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Prep Raspberry for Pi-hole

Raspberry Pi is great for filtering adds (and more). Build your Pi-hole on a Raspberry Pi !

First purchase your Raspberry Pi (starterkit with all you need or grab the stuff you need yourselves).

During the first boot of Raspbian (the operating system), answer all questions (defaults are OK in most cases).

Now launch the settings menu and set a fixed IP address and enable SSH

Update all packages on you Raspberry (from a terminal) :

$ sudo apt-get update && dist-upgrade or sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

open a terminal and install “Webmin” for easy maintenance :

$ sudo apt-get install perl libnet-ssleay-perl openssl libauthen-pam-perl libpam-runtime libio-pty-perl apt-show-versions python
$ wget -qO- http://www.webmin.com/jcameron-key.asc | sudo apt-key add
$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://download.webmin.com/download/repository sarge contrib"
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt -y install webmin

Install Pi-hole (still in the terminal) :

$ curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash

answer all questions (again defaults are OK in most cases).

 

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PC voeding connector layout en spanningen

Hier vind je op welke pinnen wélke spanningen staan. Zoals je ziet zijn een groot aantal verschillende uitgangsspanningen aanwezig op een PC voeding: AT/ATX: +5V, -5V, +12V, -12V en ATX: 3.3V.

Let wel op: dit is de gespecificeerde kleurenstandaard en pinout. Er zijn echter ook voedingen die afwijkende kleuren gebruiken, terwijl ze wel dezelfde pinout gebruiken. Héle oude voedingen, of voedingen van OEM’s zoals Compaq / HP / IBM / Dell (vóór 2002) en nonPC voedingen (Apple bijv. met afwijkende 28VDC) hebben soms een afwijkende pinout. Vaak kun je deze vinden via Google of bij de supportafdeling van de fabrikant. Dit zijn dan strikt genomen geen AT/ATX voedingen. Fujitsu-Siemens gebruikt soms voedingen met afwijkende kleurcode, maar meestal zijn deze wel ATX compliant, zie ook hier
Kleur zegt niets, en meten is weten!

Bij het meten van spanningen bij een niet aangesloten moederbord, moet pin “PS_ON” (groene draad) aan “ground” gelegd worden met een draadbrug, anders wordt de voeding niet ingeschakeld en meet je niets !!

PC voeding connector layout en spanningen PDF

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Kodi TVAddons

Kodi is an open source media player software developed by the XBMC Foundation. It is now on it’s fifteenth version and works on a wide variety of platforms and devices ranging from home computers, to tablets and mobile phones, to set top boxes.

Once you’ve installed Kodi, you’ll need to enable third party add-ons in order to gain access to all that endless content you want to watch.
Instead of searching for the addons manually and then install them one by one, there is an easier solution : TVAddons.ag

There are a few different ways to install add-ons to your Kodi setup, but first you’ll need to configure the Fusion Installer server onto your device. Once that’s done, go ahead and use the Config Wizard (best) or the Addon Installer tool to get all the goodies.

Enjoy, greetz M.

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Windows 10: How To Fix The Biggest Security And Privacy Flops

Microsoft privacy and security critics are concerned about the default OS settings that they say leave users vulnerable to security, privacy and, in some cases, malicious attacks.

Here are the top security gripes against Microsoft, and how to fix them.

Uninformed Consent: Windows 10 Default Install Setting Labeled Intrusive

Fix : Opt Out Of Installation Privacy Shakedown
To ensure Windows 10 isn’t sharing too much about you to Microsoft, when you install the operating system don’t choose “express install.” Instead, choose “custom install,” which gives you the options of reviewing privacy settings before you hand over your privacy keys to Microsoft.
Here you’ll be presented with nearly a dozen dialogue boxes featuring options that allow you to choose and tweak what you want to share with Microsoft from your location, personal contacts, and potentially sensitive information you are working on at the time your PC crashes and is sent back to Microsoft as part of an error report.

Windows 10 Users Get Targeted

Fix : To tell only Microsoft to take a hike when it comes to targeting ads to you, go to Settings > Privacy and then turn off “Let apps use my advertising ID for experiences across apps.” This tip also works with Windows 8.1.

Wi-Fi Sense Hysteria: Here’s The Antidote

Did you hear Microsoft is secretly sharing your network passwords behind your back? That was the largely overblown synopsis of many who were critical of Windows 10’s Wi-Fi Sense feature that was automatically turned off by default when people installed or upgraded to the new OS.
The feature is designed to help you, and the contacts you explicitly handpick, to share password-protected Wi-Fi hotspot information to speed up identifying and logging onto the hotspots. Wi-Fi Sense only shares Wi-Fi passwords between Windows 10 users that opt into the service, and only encrypted passwords are shared — preventing anyone from ever actually seeing a password.
The service allows you to choose from Outlook.com contacts, Skype contacts or Facebook friends.
Fix : To double-check that this feature is disabled, go to Settings > Network and Internet > Manage Wi-Fi Settings and make sure it’s off.

You Say Cortana, I Say Corta-NO

In order for Microsoft’s digital assistant Cortana to be effective, anticipating your needs and delivering geographically relevant query results, it needs to collect personal data about who you are and where you are. For some, who may favor Google Now or Apple Siri, they just want to say “no” to Cortana.
Fix : To ban Cortana from accessing your e-mails, contacts, location information and other data, turn it off by going to Start-> Settings -> Privacy -> Speech, Inking & typing and press the “Stop getting to know me” button.

Locking Down Microsoft’s Edge Browser

Microsoft Edge browser offers a refreshing, fast and uncluttered alternative to Internet Explorer. It’s definitely worth giving a shot. But, just like Chrome, IE and Firefox, there are settings that allow you to protect your privacy from advertisers and Microsoft.
To opt out of personalized ads served up from Microsoft using Edge, you’ll want to visit Microsoft’s “Personalized Ad Preferences” to turn off the targeted ads.
The Edge browser also works seamlessly with the Cortana digital assistant. One of the things Cortana does is track the URLs of the sites you visit with Edge so it can better answer Cortana queries based on your browsing patterns.
Fix : To turn Cortana on or off in Microsoft Edge, go to More actions > Settings, and under Advanced settings, select “View advanced Settings,” and then, under Privacy and services, turn the “Have Cortana assist me in Microsoft Edge” setting on or off.

Going Over The Edge?

Microsoft also tracks URLs you type in with a feature called SmartScreen Filter. Microsoft does this so it can automatically cross-reference the site you are about to visit with its own list of websites that are known to be malicious. Edge will warn you if the webpage has been blocked by redirecting you to a Microsoft page that details why you should avoid the webpage.
Fix : This feature is not unique and is something other leading browser makers do. Nevertheless, it may irk some privacy purists. To turn off this type of keystroke monitoring in your Edge browser, go to Settings > Advanced Settings and then below Privacy and Services, turn the “Help protect me from malicious sites and downloads with SmartScreen Filter” settings off.

App Permissions

Windows 10 is similar to iOS and Android in creating an app environment and Windows Store where you can download desktop and mobile apps. And just as Android and iOS, some Windows apps want to access account data such as name, a profile picture and other personal information.
Fix : To Microsoft’s credit, unlike Android and iOS, it offers a way to opt-out of that sharing. To opt-out of sharing, head over to your systems Privacy Settings > Account Info > and turn off “Let apps access my name, picture, and other account info.”

No Permission Granted

There are a host of apps that request access to your system’s camera, microphone and location. That type of access is typically innocuous, allowing you to use an app such as Facebook to access pictures on your device and share them with someone who is close by. Want to use voice-to-text to comment on your friends Facebook status? Then Facebook needs access to your devices microphone, and there are some notorious examples, such as flashlight apps, that ask for too much permission for no reason.
Fix : By default, Windows 10 allows for this type of access. To keep the prying eyes and ears of people away, head over to Settings > Privacy > Camera (or Microphone) to turn the option off. You can choose to manage the apps on a per-app basis. To put the kibosh on sharing location data choose Settings > Privacy > Location.

Greetz, M.

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